Abstract
Electric locomotives have transformed railway transportation by enhancing efficiency, reducing emissions, and optimizing operational performance. The evolution of traction technology, particularly in control systems, braking mechanisms, and predictive maintenance, has significantly improved locomotive reliability and sustainability. Despite these advancements, challenges remain in maximizing energy efficiency and minimizing infrastructure dependence. This study explores modern traction developments, including microprocessor-based control systems, regenerative braking, and AI-driven predictive maintenance. Microprocessor-based control optimizes power distribution and reduces wear on traction motors, while regenerative braking enhances energy efficiency by converting kinetic energy into reusable electricity. Additionally, AI-powered diagnostics leverage smart sensors to predict failures and optimize maintenance, ensuring continuous performance improvements. Emerging innovations, such as hydrogen-powered traction and supercapacitor-assisted energy storage, offer promising solutions for the future. Hydrogen fuel cells provide an alternative to external power sources, enabling zero-emission locomotives with greater operational flexibility. Meanwhile, supercapacitors enhance acceleration and regenerative braking efficiency, extending battery lifespan and improving energy recovery. These findings highlight the transformative impact of advanced traction technologies on railway electrification. The integration of AI, sustainable energy sources, and intelligent power management will drive further advancements in locomotive efficiency and environmental sustainability. As railway systems modernize, these innovations will be crucial for achieving a more energy-efficient and resilient transportation network.